Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes code into objects that have attributes (data) and behaviors (methods). In OOP, the focus is on modeling real-world entities and concepts as objects, and then defining their interactions with one another. The four key principles of OOP are: Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the practice of hiding internal details of an object and only exposing a public interface. This makes the object easier to use and reduces the risk of unintended interactions with its internal state. Inheritance: Inheritance is a way of creating new classes that reuse the characteristics of existing classes. Inheritance enables the creation of hierarchies of classes, where a derived class inherits all the attributes and behaviors of its parent class. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of objects to take on multiple forms. In OOP, this means that a single method or function can be used to process objects of different types, as long...